• About Us
  • Contact Us
  • Join Inov3D!
  • Testimonial
  • Login
  • Register

Inov3D

Inov3D Facebook Group
  • Home
  • Reviews
    • 3D Printing Reviews
    • Arduino Reviews
    Creality Ender 5 S1 3D Printer Review, Specifications & Price

    Creality Ender 5 S1 3D Printer Review, Specifications & Price

    lynne 27 Apr 2023
    FLSun V400 Delta 3D Printer Review, Specifications & Price

    FLSun V400 Delta 3D Printer Review, Specifications & Price

    william 26 Apr 2023
    Atomstack A5 PRO+ Laser Engraver – Specs, Price & Review

    Atomstack A5 PRO+ Laser Engraver – Specs, Price & Review

    lynne 18 Feb 2023
    Ortur Laser Master 3 Review Tame The Beast

    Ortur Laser Master 3 Review Tame The Beast

    william 18 Feb 2023
    RGBW Lighting Kit by 3D-DIY.de – An enLighting Review!

    RGBW Lighting Kit by 3D-DIY.de – An enLighting Review!

    Michael Bird 30 May 2020
  • News
    • 3D Printing Industry News
    • Gadget News
    LaserPecker 4 Game Changing Innovation Is About To Happen

    LaserPecker 4 Game Changing Innovation Is About To Happen

    Inov3D 13 Jan 2023
    Bambu Lab P1P Core-XY 3D Printer Review Specifications News

    Bambu Lab P1P Core-XY 3D Printer Review Specifications News

    Mechanical Bob Modrow 16 Dec 2022
    Getting to know the Polymaker Community and what it’s all about

    Getting to know the Polymaker Community and what it’s all about

    Mark Andraka 20 Oct 2022
    Creality CR-Scan Lizard Releases On Kickstarter

    Creality CR-Scan Lizard Releases On Kickstarter

    Chris Andraka 29 Aug 2022
    Greek Club Cyberpunk PCB War Machines: Kickstarter Campaign

    Greek Club Cyberpunk PCB War Machines: Kickstarter Campaign

    william 09 Dec 2020
  • Education
    • 3D Printing Tutorials
    • Arduino Tutorials
    • Automation Tutorials
    • CNC Tutorials
    • Painting Tutorials
    Velocity Painting Learn To Paint Your 3D Prints With Speed

    Velocity Painting Learn To Paint Your 3D Prints With Speed

    Andrew Delisle 01 Feb 2023
    3D Print For Christmas Holidays Top 10 – The Perfect Gift

    3D Print For Christmas Holidays Top 10 – The Perfect Gift

    Chris Andraka 28 Dec 2022
    3D Printed Wall Clock Model JBV Creative’s Design

    3D Printed Wall Clock Model JBV Creative’s Design

    Chris Andraka 06 Dec 2022

    Glowforge Is It A Good Choice For Beginners

    william 20 Oct 2022
    Flashing Rain Light Mod Tutorial For OpenRC F1 3D Model

    Flashing Rain Light Mod Tutorial For OpenRC F1 3D Model

    Michael Bird 14 Sep 2020
    RGBW Lighting Kit by 3D-DIY.de – An enLighting Review!

    RGBW Lighting Kit by 3D-DIY.de – An enLighting Review!

    Michael Bird 30 May 2020
    Home Automation  – A Project Journey into my Smart Home

    Home Automation – A Project Journey into my Smart Home

    Anup Chavda 23 Aug 2020

    How PCB Milling Works And What Does It Do For You?

    william 17 Aug 2022
    WaterJet Cutting Technology – 4 Benefits

    WaterJet Cutting Technology – 4 Benefits

    william 27 Dec 2021
    Velocity Painting Learn To Paint Your 3D Prints With Speed

    Velocity Painting Learn To Paint Your 3D Prints With Speed

    Andrew Delisle 01 Feb 2023
    Colorfabb Copperfill Filament Post Processing Guide Patina Finish

    Colorfabb Copperfill Filament Post Processing Guide Patina Finish

    2be3dprinted 04 Jan 2021
    Citadel Paints: How they are classified into different types?

    Citadel Paints: How they are classified into different types?

    lynne 06 Jun 2019
  • Downloads
    • FDM Slicer Profiles
  • Restricted Area
    • Inov3D Content Academy
Breaking News
  • Creality Ender 5 S1 3D Printer Review, Specifications & Price   |   27 Apr 2023

  • FLSun V400 Delta 3D Printer Review, Specifications & Price   |   26 Apr 2023

  • Atomstack A5 PRO+ Laser Engraver – Specs, Price & Review   |   18 Feb 2023

  • Ortur Laser Master 3 Review Tame The Beast   |   18 Feb 2023

  • Velocity Painting Learn To Paint Your 3D Prints With Speed   |   01 Feb 2023

  • 3D Tomorrow Astro PLA Filament   |   01 Feb 2023

 
Home» Education» 3D Printing Tutorials»Thermoform 3D Printed Parts Into Something Beautiful

Thermoform 3D Printed Parts Into Something Beautiful

Andrew Delisle 02 Feb 2022 3D Printing Tutorials, Education, Filament Tutorials 74 Comments

Facebook Twitter Stumble linkedin Pinterest Reddit Email More

Table of Contents

  • Thermoform 3D Printed Parts
  • Thermoform Safety First
  • The Heat Gun Method
  • Hot Water Bath Method
  • But Why Not Just 3D Print The Shape You Want?
  • E-Nable 3D Printed Hands
  • The Draw Backs
  • Thermoform 3D Printed Parts Conclusion

How to Thermoform 3D printed parts in 2022. This is useful for the 3D printed hands and arms that I do for E-Nable. I will go over some benefits to this process, and some ways that you can use it in your designs and 3D prints. Thermoforming is the process of heating your 3D prints after they are finished printing and then reshaping them. This allows you to create more complex shapes and designs that would typically be possible. Also, let me say… I have only used this process with PLA and was not able to Thermoform Nylon in a hot water bath. I printed these parts you are about to see on my venerable Tevo Black Widow. It’s equipped with TMC2100 stepper drivers on the X/Y axis, parts cooling fan, Volcano hotend with Micro Swiss goodies, and a glass bed.

Thermoform 3D Printed Parts

There are a few different methods to thermoform your prints. The two primary methods are a hot water bath or a heat gun. I prefer the hot water bath. I feel it is an excellent way to get the entire part to a stable temperature without the risk of melting it. This method also typically requires nothing extra to be purchased.

Thermoform Safety First

With that said, these instructions are to be taken at your own risk. Please be safe, as there is a high chance of getting burned. If you intend to try this out, please read these instructions a few times. Be familiar with the process so that you can give it your full attention. After all that… let’s start to thermoform!

A house burning, presumably from negligence
Don’t let this be your house!!!.

The Heat Gun Method

The heat gun Thermoform method requires finding a safe space to heat your 3D printed part without the fear of burning your dwelling to the ground. Find a scrap plate, dish or pan that is NOT FLAMMABLE. That part in ‘caps’ is pretty important. I will not be held responsible for any structure fires in the name of 3D printing. Keep the heat and blower speed on the heat gun low and also keep the gun 6-8″ away from your 3D printed parts. 

Flash the heat gun quickly either left to right or up and down, depending on the overall shape of the 3D printed part. Do not keep the heat gun focused on one place for too long. This Thermoforming method goes from nothing… to a hot drippy print quickly… so be prepared. Once the print is heated, bend it in any shape or form that you would like. When the plastic cools, it will keep the shape that you manipulated it to.

Hot Water Bath Method

The hot water bath method requires you to submerge the 3D part into boiling water until it becomes pliable. This is the superior way to Thermoform as opposed to the heat gun. This method allows the entire model to get to the same temperature all around. The water doesn’t need to be boiling, but it should be able to get around 200F/90c.

You can use a pot on the stove, hot water from a kettle into a dish, or even use an electric skillet as I do. The skillet allows me to submerge large parts fully and can heat the water fairly quickly. 

After getting the water up to temperature, submerge your part until it becomes pliable. Remove the region from the water with some tongs and cool for a few seconds so you don’t burn your hands. Once it’s cold enough for you to touch, form it to your heart’s delight safely. If you didn’t get it correct the first time, toss it back in the water, and it will go back to its original shape. Pretty handy, huh?

Thermoform 3D Printed Parts

But Why Not Just 3D Print The Shape You Want?

So you are probably wondering why go through all this hassle? Why not print the shape I wanted to begin with? Well, what if I told you that this would save you time, money, and filament.. while also strengthening your 3D printed parts? Buckle up and prepare to be amazed!

Thermoform 3D Printed Parts
Thermoform 3D Printed Parts
Thermoform 3D Printed Parts
Thermoform 3D Printed Parts
Thermoform 3D Printed Parts
Thermoform 3D Printed Parts
Thermoform 3D Printed Parts
Thermoform 3D Printed Parts

E-Nable 3D Printed Hands

The forearm gauntlet and bicep cuff I printed for the E-Nable hands are now printed entirely flat. This wasn’t always the case. Some models printed the forearm gauntlet vertically while some printed along the X or the Y-axis. The problem with this is that the holes for the wrist and elbow pins are set along a layer line. This makes the design prone to breaking and cracking. 

The old style gauntlets also suffer from being ill-fitting and less forgiving to flexion. Which are all terrible compromises for something that is worn on your arm. The Thermoformed gauntlets print faster than the old style because they require no support structure. This saves your money on 3D printer operation and the filament. The Thermoformed gauntlets are also much stronger than the old style.

Instead of the pin holes being on a layer line, they go all the way through the layers. This reduces the possibility of cracking during use and improves flexion in the parts. Using the thermoform gauntlets also promotes a better fit for the recipient. 

If your measurements weren’t quite right, you now can quickly reheat the part and adjust it for a better fit. You can use the thermoform principles in parts design. Was the design that you were initially working on too challenging to print? Try adjusting it for thermoform! 

Thermoform 3D Printed Parts
old style gauntlet, Layer lines running through the pin hole
Thermoform 3D Printed Parts

The Draw Backs

The only downside to this design method is that parts are not ready directly from the print bed; they require post-processing with either of the techniques that I described above. I’ve also noticed that too hot of temperatures can affect the 3D printed parts colour and finish. It would be best to try this on a scrap piece before you dedicate an essential print job to this.  

Thermoform 3D Printed Parts Conclusion

So, today you’ve learned what Thermoforming is, what it’s suitable for, and some of its drawbacks. It’s up to you to either wipe your brain of the last 5-10 minutes or thermoform a 3D printed part right now.

Related Articles

  • MakerBot Workstation launches METHOD X: ABS 3D Printing
  • YELANG Hello X3: Make any screen drawable
  • Elegoo Water Washable Resin – Is it a washout?
  • 3D Printed Guns: UK student charged for making it
3d printed 3d printed hand 3d printed prosthetics 3d printer 3d printing 3d printing processing e-nable heat gun nub werkes nubwerkes prosthetic hand thermo-form thermo-formed thermo-forming thermoform thermoformed thermoforming 2022-02-02
Tags 3d printed 3d printed hand 3d printed prosthetics 3d printer 3d printing 3d printing processing e-nable heat gun nub werkes nubwerkes prosthetic hand thermo-form thermo-formed thermo-forming thermoform thermoformed thermoforming
Facebook Twitter Stumble linkedin Pinterest Reddit Email More

Authors

Posted by : Andrew Delisle
I'm a father of four, happily married, IT professional with nearly 15 years in the field. I live in Michigan and have been 3D printing since
Previous Article :

PLA 3D Printer Filament Reviews

Next Article :

Food Dehydrator to Filament Dryer DIY, Don’t Toss Wet Filament!

Related Articles

Velocity Painting Learn To Paint Your 3D Prints With Speed

Velocity Painting Learn To Paint Your 3D Prints With Speed

Andrew Delisle 01 Feb 2023
3D Print For Christmas Holidays Top 10 – The Perfect Gift

3D Print For Christmas Holidays Top 10 – The Perfect Gift

Chris Andraka 28 Dec 2022
3D Printed Wall Clock Model JBV Creative’s Design

3D Printed Wall Clock Model JBV Creative’s Design

Chris Andraka 06 Dec 2022

74 Comments

  1. William Donald
    March 17, 20184:26 pm -

    great work andrew keep the articles comeing

    Reply
  2. Ross Sage
    May 26, 201810:24 pm -

    Very interesting concept

    Reply
  3. Tony
    May 27, 20188:17 am -

    Interesting. I will have to give this a go 🙂

    Reply
  4. JC
    May 28, 20186:34 pm -

    Really interesting technique! Will have to give it a try

    Reply
  5. Anne
    May 29, 20181:14 pm -

    This is such fascinating technology! Would love to try it out

    Reply
  6. Alberto
    May 29, 20181:53 pm -

    I have to try it

    Reply
  7. Calvin
    May 29, 20183:57 pm -

    Really complex neat new tech! Love what it can do

    Reply
  8. Mathew W
    May 29, 20185:47 pm -

    3D printing is going to take the world by storm sooner than later.

    Reply
  9. Leanne
    May 30, 20182:09 am -

    I definitely learned something new (never heard of thermoforming). Also thank you for your donations and helping people in need .

    Reply
  10. Denis M.
    May 30, 20184:44 am -

    Wow, very interesting. Thanks for this, will be useful in the future.

    Reply
  11. Laurence Price
    May 30, 20184:53 pm -

    Great contest, awesome prize, thanks for the chance to win!

    Reply
  12. Denis M.
    June 2, 20181:57 am -

    Thanks!

    Reply
  13. Robert Price
    June 6, 20188:11 am -

    Very interesting

    Reply
  14. Stevie
    June 6, 201811:47 am -

    I think The hot water bath method is easiest.

    Reply
  15. Doug Matheson
    June 8, 20186:15 pm -

    Looks awesome

    Reply
  16. John Hubbard
    June 8, 20188:00 pm -

    Looks cool

    Reply
  17. Leanne
    June 8, 201810:37 pm -

    The 3d printing technology is just amazing . I would love to see it in person .

    Reply
  18. Kim Styles
    June 9, 20181:24 pm -

    i am very impressed with this although I would be using the hot water bath method I think!

    Reply
  19. Leanne
    June 10, 20181:11 pm -

    3d printing technology sure is fascinating. Can’t wait to see what they can do with 3d printers in a few years .

    Reply
  20. Leanne
    June 11, 20184:28 pm -

    Would love to try 3d printing . It’s is just amazing .

    Reply
  21. Justin Flugum
    June 11, 201811:00 pm -

    I had no idea forming 3d prints was a thing.

    Reply
  22. Chemy Torres
    June 12, 20182:04 am -

    Well adding this is a great option, I’m pretty sure other materials can be used this way, for printing faster and to giving some on the road form.

    Reply
  23. Kim Styles
    June 12, 20183:44 pm -

    This really fascinates me – It would be great for using for making drawing models

    Reply
  24. Leanne
    June 12, 201810:07 pm -

    3d printing is very fascinated. I would love the learn how to use a 3d printer .

    Reply
  25. Aftertell
    June 13, 201812:58 am -

    Coolio

    Reply
  26. Cole
    June 13, 20182:10 am -

    I imagine this is a useful process for creating stronger, more durable prosthetic limbs. I’m curious if this process would be useful in 3D-printed firearms making as well.

    Reply
  27. Chemy
    June 13, 20183:38 am -

    Again reading it, as many said, interesting technique.

    Reply
  28. Chemy
    June 13, 20183:39 am -

    As many said, interesting technique, I see the practical uses of it.

    Reply
  29. Chemy Torres
    June 13, 20183:40 am -

    My comments doesn’t show today, but good article. last attempt

    Reply
  30. Greg
    June 13, 20185:39 pm -

    looks interesting!

    Reply
  31. Leanne
    June 13, 20189:40 pm -

    Great article and info . Would love to learn more about how the 3d printing technology works. It’s very interesting

    Reply
  32. Chemy Torres
    June 14, 20183:25 am -

    Amazing, already read it a couple of times.

    Reply
  33. Daniel
    June 14, 20185:35 am -

    cool

    Reply
  34. Ian Edwards
    June 14, 201810:22 am -

    Very cool, nice to know for next time I am doing to same

    Reply
  35. Kim Styles
    June 14, 201812:24 pm -

    I am sure your work has helped many

    Reply
  36. Leanne
    June 14, 201811:10 pm -

    Awesome article . This technology is so intriguing, I would love to try it or even just see how it works . Amazing what they are doing with 3d printers recently.

    Reply
  37. Kim Styles
    June 15, 201812:44 pm -

    I think this would helped with forming prototypes for metal work and sculpture

    Reply
  38. Arve Bjørnerud
    June 15, 20182:22 pm -

    Cool

    Reply
  39. Leanne
    June 15, 20189:59 pm -

    What an incredible technology. Can’t believe some of the things they are making with 3d printers . Would love to learn how to use one .

    Reply
  40. Kim Styles
    June 16, 20189:34 am -

    E-Nable looks such a great cause – there are so many war injuries in so many countries

    Reply
  41. Leanne
    June 16, 20183:12 pm -

    A very good cause you support . I love how many people this technology is helping , it’s pretty amazing .

    Reply
  42. Kim Styles
    June 17, 201810:26 am -

    I like the way if you get it wrong the first time you can put it back in the water and it goes back into its original shape. as a newbie I think I would be doing this quite a lot to start with, its such an amazing product I can see so many possibilities for me

    Reply
  43. Thomas mclind
    June 17, 201811:05 am -

    Wow!

    Reply
  44. okuma
    June 17, 201812:16 pm -

    I really hate support material, I’ll have to try this!

    Reply
  45. Kyle
    June 17, 20185:03 pm -

    Never thought about doing this

    Reply
  46. Andrew DeLisle
    June 17, 20187:01 pm -

    Thanks for all the responses guys. Also, your comments won’t show right away as we have to approve them all individually. This helps us keep spam at bay. Thanks again guys and keep the comments flowing! If you need help or have an improvement.. let me know!

    Reply
  47. Chemy Torres
    June 17, 201811:10 pm -

    Again nice article, there is another good reason, to convine two materials, for example if you need to add internal parts which might be very hard or imposible to do if the printed piece is already in the final shape

    Reply
  48. Joseph
    June 18, 20187:30 am -

    I’m just here to enter the contest

    Reply
  49. Kim Styles
    June 18, 20185:30 pm -

    The whole thing is fascinating – I have been looking at 3D printing as whole now as a possibility of a real hobby or, if I get the hang of it, a small business . I am astounded by what can be created

    Reply
  50. Leanne
    June 18, 201810:12 pm -

    I am so impressed with how many things can be made from 3D printing . It’s amazing , I would love to learn how to use a 3d printer .

    Reply
  51. Leanne
    June 19, 201810:43 pm -

    Awesome technology. Would love to learn how to use a 3d printer .

    Reply
  52. Kim Styles
    June 20, 20188:47 am -

    Technology for artificial limbs has advanced rapidly in the last two decades thank goodness, and products like this are incredible

    Reply
  53. James McCann
    June 20, 20186:53 pm -

    Major Cool!

    Reply
  54. Leanne
    June 20, 201811:44 pm -

    Awesome technology . So many uses for 3d printing , can’t believe they are 3d printing houses nowadays.

    Reply
  55. Chemy Torres
    June 21, 20184:15 am -

    Nice article

    Reply
  56. Kim Styles
    June 21, 20189:15 am -

    I think for what this incredible printer does it is really reasonably priced !

    Reply
  57. Bob Marl
    June 21, 201811:28 pm -

    A few years ago 3D printing was only for the professionals, thank God such models have come out for the public.

    Reply
  58. Chemy Torres
    June 22, 20182:46 am -

    Great article, useful technique.

    Reply
  59. Kim Styles
    June 22, 20189:06 am -

    I think this should l be in art courses in colleges etc as it is not just a science but an art

    Reply
  60. Leanne
    June 22, 201810:10 pm -

    Awesome technology. Can’t wait to see what they can do with it in the future .

    Reply
  61. Chemy Torres
    June 23, 20185:22 am -

    Something I forgot to mention, it’s too nice from you that you donate, that’s simply wonderful.

    Reply
  62. Kim Styles
    June 23, 20186:47 am -

    Thank you for the informative introduction to Thermoform

    Reply
  63. Dunfy
    June 23, 20188:59 am -

    Very dope!!! What a time to be alive lol

    Reply
  64. paula cheadle
    June 24, 201812:08 am -

    would love to try 3D printing, it looks awesome

    Reply
  65. PHILIP TAYLOR
    June 24, 20189:24 am -

    Thank you for the great video

    Reply
  66. Kim Styles
    June 24, 201810:29 am -

    this is a great prize and very generous. I would love to share this with my son who is very artistic and great with technology

    Reply
  67. Chemy Torres
    June 24, 201811:21 am -

    Nice article, 😉

    Reply
  68. Leanne
    June 24, 20182:04 pm -

    Awesome article . This technology is so interesting. I would love to learn more about it .

    Reply
  69. James Nattrass
    June 24, 20182:26 pm -

    Thanks for this, I’m going to test this method in the future

    Reply
  70. Chemy Torres
    June 24, 20182:55 pm -

    I don’t know if you did it intentionally but each time I come here I see something I missed the moment before.
    As I said great technique, great article.

    Reply
  71. Max
    February 20, 201911:32 pm -

    Couldn’t get the cura profile just directs to 404 page

    Reply
    • Andrew Delisle
      February 21, 20194:14 am -

      Max, We are in the process of moving things around on the co.uk server. I can email you the profile tomorrow. This is for the older version of Cura. Cura 15.0.6, let me know if you still want it.

      Reply
  72. admin
    June 28, 201912:27 am -

    Thank for all the lovely comments, has anyone done this process yet?

    Reply
  73. Kennet McCoy
    July 6, 20198:17 pm -

    This is a great idea. Love the option of a Hot Water Bath
    Well done

    Reply

Leave a ReplyCancel reply

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.

Price Drops

1
Citadel Colour - Chaos Black Primer / Undercoat Spray (Mainland UK Delivery Only)
Amazon.co.uk
Citadel Colour - Chaos Black Primer / Undercoat Spray (Mainland UK Delivery...
6%
OFF
£17.95
£16.90 ▼£1.05
2
Games Workshop - Citadel Technical Paint - Tesseract Glow (18ml)
Amazon.com
Games Workshop - Citadel Technical Paint - Tesseract Glow (18ml)
8%
OFF
$10.76
$9.99 ▼$0.77

Post Categories

  • 3D Model Reviews
  • 3D Model Tutorials
  • 3D Pen Reviews
  • 3D Print Surface Reviews
  • 3D Printer Controller Board Reviews
  • 3D Printer Extruder Reviews
  • 3D Printer Hotend Reviews
  • 3D Printer Reviews
  • 3D Printer Tutorials
  • 3D Printer Wash And Cure Reviews
  • 3D Printing Gadget Reviews
  • 3D Printing Industry Deals
  • 3D Printing Industry Giveaway
  • 3D Printing Industry Interviews
  • 3D Printing Industry Kickstarters
  • 3D Printing Industry News
  • 3D Printing Reviews
  • 3D Printing Tutorials
  • Arduino Reviews
  • Arduino Tutorials
  • Auto Levelling Sensor Reviews
  • Automation Tutorials
  • CNC Tutorials
  • Education
  • Filament Dryer Reviews
  • Filament Reviews
  • Filament Tutorials
  • Firmware Reviews
  • Firmware Tutorials
  • Gadget Kickstarters
  • Gadget News
  • News
  • Painting Tutorials
  • Resin Reviews
  • Resin Tutorials
  • Restricted Area
  • Reviews
  • Search Engine Optimization
  • Software Reviews
  • Software Tutorials
  • Uncategorized
  • Terms Of Use
  • Privacy Policy
  • Affiliate Disclaimer
  • Education
  • News
  • Reviews
  • Restricted Content
inov3d
Welcome to Inov3D.net we are a team that love to make content.We cover a wide area of expertise, ranging from 3D Modeling, Technical, Advertising, Painting also Promoting.If you want to see more information on our authors click here, or if you would like to be an author please fill out this forum.If you are a company requesting product reviews, promotions or advertising check out our services.

Follow us

Copyright 2022, All Rights Reserved
Inov3D.net
Manage Cookie Consent
We use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. We do this to improve browsing experience and to show personalized ads. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
Functional Always active
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Preferences
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
Statistics
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
Marketing
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.
Manage options Manage services Manage {vendor_count} vendors Read more about these purposes
View preferences
{title} {title} {title}
 

Loading Comments...